-
1 чесальная машина
1) Forestry: teasing machine2) Textile: breaker card, carder, carding engine, carding machine, comb, hackle, hatchel3) Information technology: card4) Makarov: hackling machine -
2 Cartwright, Revd Edmund
[br]b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, Englandd. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England[br]English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.[br]Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBoard of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).Bibliography1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).Further ReadingM.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of theNewcomen Society 6.H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).RLHBiographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund
-
3 presa
"socket;Steckdose;casquillo"* * *f grip, holdabbandonare la presa let gofare una presa presso corriere call a courierelectronics presa di corrente socketfig presa di possesso conquest, captureessere alle prese con qualcosa be grappling with something* * *presa s.f.1 ( il prendere) taking; catching; seizing: presa di posizione, position (o stand); il ministro ha assunto una presa di posizione contraria alla caccia, the minister has taken a stand against hunting; presa di possesso di una carica, taking over an office; presa di possesso di una casa, taking possession of a house // ci fu una presa di contatto tra le due delegazioni, contact was made between the two delegations // (inform.) presa di contatto, handshaking // (comm.): presa a domicilio, collection from residence; presa e consegna, collection and delivery // (Borsa) presa di beneficio, profit taking // presa in giro, leg-pull (o joke) // non ho presa su di lui, I have no hold over him // è alle prese con la giustizia, he's up against the law; venire alle prese con qlcu., qlco., to come to grips with s.o., sthg.; è tutta la mattina che sono alle prese con la nuova lavatrice, I've been struggling with the new washing machine all morning // far presa, ( di ancora) to hold, to bite, ( di cemento) to set; presa lenta, rapida, ( di cemento) slow, quick setting; non so se questa pianta farà presa, I don't know if this plant will take (root); questo argomento non fa presa sul pubblico, this subject has no grip (o hold) over the public; il terreno è scivoloso e le ruote non fanno presa, the ground is slippery and the wheels can't get a grip on it2 ( espugnazione, cattura) seizure, capture: la presa di una città, the capture (o taking) of a town; la presa di una fortezza, the seizure of a fortress; la presa della Bastiglia, the storming of the Bastille3 ( stretta) grasp, hold, grip; ( nella lotta) hold: ha una presa forte, he has a firm grip (o grasp); abbandonare la presa, to let go one's hold, (fig.) to give in; allentare la presa, to release one's hold4 (cinem.) take, shot: macchina da presa, camera; ripetere la presa, to retake // (tv) in (presa) diretta, live5 ( bottino di caccia) bag, kill7 ( a carte) trick8 (tecn.): presa d'acqua, water plug; presa d'aria, air intake // (mecc.): presa continua, constant mesh; presa di forza, power takeoff; presa di moto, drive; presa diretta, direct drive9 (elettr.) socket, tap, plug: presa ( di corrente) a muro, wall socket; presa ( di corrente) esterna, surface socket; presa ( di corrente) a incasso; flush socket // asta di presa, trolley pole // (tel.) presa di chiamata, calling jack* * *['presa]1. sf1) (gen) grip, (appiglio) hold, Lotta grip, holdallentare la presa (di qc) — to loosen one's grip o hold (on sth)
a presa rapida — (cemento) quick-setting
2) (conquista: di città) taking no pl, capture, Carte trick3) (pizzico: di sale, tabacco) pinch4) Cinemacchina da presa — cine camera Brit, movie camera Am
2.* * *['presa]sostantivo femminile1) (conquista) capture, takingla presa della Bastiglia — stor. the storming of the Bastille
2) (appiglio) handhold, grip, holdallentare la presa su qcs. — to relax o loosen one's grip on sth.
mantenere la presa su qcs. — to keep (a) hold of o on sth.
fare presa — fig. [ notizia] to catch on, to take hold
3) sport catch, hold; (del portiere) save4) gioc. (alle carte) trick5) (tenuta) grasp, grip, hold6) (solidificazione) settingcemento a presa rapida — quick-drying o quick-setting cement
7) el. plug, socket, outlet AE, tap AE8)9) cinem. take, shot•presa d'aria — air inlet o intake
presa di coscienza — consciousness raising, awareness
presa in giro — leg-pull, mocking, teasing
presa di terra — el. earth BE, ground AE
••essere alle -e con — to be caught up in [lavoro, difficoltà, problema]
venire alle -e con qcs. — to come to grips with sth
* * *presa/'presa/sostantivo f.2 (appiglio) handhold, grip, hold; allentare la presa su qcs. to relax o loosen one's grip on sth.; lasciare la presa to let go; mantenere la presa su qcs. to keep (a) hold of o on sth.; fare presa fig. [ notizia] to catch on, to take hold3 sport catch, hold; (del portiere) save5 (tenuta) grasp, grip, hold7 el. plug, socket, outlet AE, tap AE8 una presa di tabacco a pinch of snuff9 cinem. take, shot; in presa diretta liveessere alle -e con to be caught up in [lavoro, difficoltà, problema]; venire alle -e con qcs. to come to grips with sth.\presa d'acqua catchment; presa d'aria air inlet o intake; presa di coscienza consciousness raising, awareness; presa in giro leg-pull, mocking, teasing; presa di posizione stance; presa di possesso seizure; presa di terra el. earth BE, ground AE. -
4 matraca
f.1 rattle (instrument).dar la matraca (informal) to go on, to be a nuisance2 old car, jalopy, old banger, rickety car.* * *1 (instrumento) wooden rattle2 familiar (molestia) pest, nuisance\dar la matraca familiar to be a nuisance* * *1. SF1) (=carraca) rattle2) * (=lata) nuisance, pain *; (=burla) teasing, banterdar la matraca a algn — (=molestar) to pester sb; (=burlarse de) to tease sb
3) And ** (=marihuana) hash *, pot *5) Méx * (=metralleta) machine gun2.SMF * (=persona) nuisance, pain ** * *1)a) ( juguete) rattledarle (la) matraca — (fam) to go on (and on) (colloq)
b) matraca masculino y femenino (fam) ( persona latosa) pain (colloq), nuisance2) (Méx fam) ( coche) rattletrap (colloq)* * *1)a) ( juguete) rattledarle (la) matraca — (fam) to go on (and on) (colloq)
b) matraca masculino y femenino (fam) ( persona latosa) pain (colloq), nuisance2) (Méx fam) ( coche) rattletrap (colloq)* * *A1 (juguete) rattledarle matraca ( fam): ¡y dale matraca ! ¿no te he dicho que no puedes salir? oh, you do go on! o won't you stop pestering me! I've already told you you're not going out! ( colloq)estuvo dándonos (la) matraca con sus problemas he was going on and on o harping on about his problems ( colloq)2* * *
matraca sustantivo femenino
1 ( juguete) rattle
2 (Méx fam) ( coche) rattletrap (colloq)
' matraca' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
carraca
English:
rattle
* * *♦ nf1. [instrumento] rattle;Famdar la matraca [molestar] to be a pain;dar la matraca con algo to go on about sth;¡deja ya de dar la matraca! stop being such a pain!;nos da la matraca con la guitarra todos los días he plagues us with his guitar-playing every day♦ nmfFam [persona] pain♦ matracas nfplFam [matemáticas] Br maths, US math* * *f rattle* * *matraca nf1) : rattle, noisemaker2)dar la matraca a : to pester, to nag -
5 kerezo
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kerezo[Swahili Plural] makerezo[English Word] annoyance[English Plural] annoyances[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] kera------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kerezo[Swahili Plural] makerezo[English Word] disturbance[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] kera------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kerezo[Swahili Plural] kerezo[English Word] lathe[English Plural] lathes[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] kereza V------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kerezo[Swahili Plural] kerezo[English Word] machine for turning[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] kereza V------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kerezo[Swahili Plural] makerezo[English Word] teasing[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] kera------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kerezo[Swahili Plural] makerezo[English Word] unrest[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] kera------------------------------------------------------------
См. также в других словарях:
performing arts — arts or skills that require public performance, as acting, singing, or dancing. [1945 50] * * * ▪ 2009 Introduction Music Classical. The last vestiges of the Cold War seemed to thaw for a moment on Feb. 26, 2008, when the unfamiliar strains … Universalium
Yotsuba&! — The cover for Yotsuba ! volume 1 (English version by ADV) … Wikipedia
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 1) — Spongebob Squarepants SpongeBob SquarePants Country of origin USA … Wikipedia
Excellen Browning — Infobox animanga character color = lightsteelblue name = Excellen Browning series = Super Robot Wars caption = Excellen Browning, as she appears in Super Robot Wars Original Generations. first = last = creator = voiced by = Yuko Mizutani… … Wikipedia
'Allo 'Allo! (series 5) — This article contains episode listings for the fifth series of the British Sitcom series Allo Allo!. The series contains twenty six episodes which first aired between 3 September 1988 and 25 February 1989. Series 5 is longer than any of the other … Wikipedia
Keiji Mutoh — in 2008 Ring name(s) Keiji Mutoh[1] The Great Muta[1] … Wikipedia
List of The Brady Bunch episodes — The Brady Bunch opening grid, season one The Brady Bunch is a situ … Wikipedia
TARDIS — The TARDIS used from 2005 to 2010 on display at BBC Television Centre … Wikipedia
John Mayer — For other people named John Mayer, see John Mayer (disambiguation). John Mayer Mayer at the Mile High Music Festival on July 20, 2008 Background information … Wikipedia
List of The Daily Show recurring segments — This is an incomplete list of recurring segments featured on The Daily Show: Contents 1 Current segments 1.1 Your Moment of Zen 1.2 Back in Black with Lewis Black 1.3 G … Wikipedia
Super Robot Taisen OG Saga: Endless Frontier — Developer(s) Banpresto, Monolith Soft … Wikipedia